IAS 37—Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets
IAS 37—Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets
#会计学笔记/财务会计/坏账准备与或有事项
Provision
定义
A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount.
确认
- an entity has a present obligation (legal or constructive)as a result of a past event,可能是对于过去的事项所产生的法定义务或者是推定义务。
- it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying
economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and
- a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
一般都是直接计入当期损益,除非是相面所涉及的两种特殊的情况的时候,我们才会选择将其进行资产化。
计量
Allowing for uncertainties
- Where the provision being measured involves a large population of items→ use expected values.也就是说,对于大样本的实验来说的话,我们往往是使用期望作为我们计量的手段。
- Where a single obligation is being measured the individual most likely outcome may be→the best estimate.对于小次数的实验的话,我们往往是使用最有可能发生的那个结果来作为我们的计量的手段。
Discounting of provisions
Where the time value of money is material, the provision is discounted. The discount rate should:
- be a pre-tax rate
- appropriately reflect the risk associated with the cash flows.
Best Estimate
我们对于金额做估计的时候我们需要注意到下面的这些不同的因素
- 我们的所有的估计都是基于现在的科技水平下面的,比如说我们对于油田进行修复的话,基于现在的水平可能需要一个亿,但是基于以后的水平可能只需要一千万的话,我们还是使用一个亿作为Provision
- 忽略掉我们可能通过销售资产所产生的利得。
- 当且仅当法律法规很有可能改变的时候,我们才会考虑到法律法规的影响
Reimbursement
这个在SBR的考试之中呢,指代的一般就是保险公司,那么。对于Reimbursement来说,我们的处理又是怎么样的呢?
准则规定了,我们处理Reimbursement的时候,需要将其看成是一项单独的资产,而不是对于Provision的一项抵减。
并且确认的时间节点是很有可能(Virtually Certain)这项保险金会流入我们的公司的时候,并且该项金额不能够超过我们的公司的所产生的这一项的Provision的金额。如果真的会有超出的部分的话,我们计入当期的利得。
Recognising an asset when creating a provision
An asset can only be recognised where the present obligation recognised as a provision gives access to future economic benefits
(e.g. decommissioning costs could be an IAS 16 component of cost).
The unwinding of the discount is recognised in profit or loss.
几种特殊的Provision
Future operating losses:
Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses### .
Restructuring:
A constructive obligation to restructure arises only when an entity:
- has a detailed formal plan for the restructuring; and
- has raised a valid expectation in those affected that it will carry out the restructuring by starting to implement that plan or announcing its main features to those affected by it.
也就是说对于重组的Provision的提取的话,需要满足两个条件,第一个条件就是说已经形成了非常正式的文件了,第二个的条件的话就是说对于未来的情况有了较为清楚的了解。
重组的情况
对于重组的情况的话,我们分了几种不同的情况
- 对于销售方来说:当且仅当已经形成了销售的合同的时候
- 对于购买方来说,需要在获取日形成了义务,不管是法定的义务还是推定义务。
不包括的内容
对于重组的费用来说,不包括以下的费用
- 重新对于员工进行训练的费用
- 对于新的系统进行投资的费用
- 进行新的市场营销产生的费用
Dismantling , Removing and Restoring
对于这种情况我们有两类比较熟悉的老朋友了
- Offshore Oil Rig:挖油,对于这种活动来说呢?我们一般是在生产活动结束之后对于原来的生态环境进行修复的。我们的计量的时候呢,是在我们开始Install装备的时候,并且将这样的一个费用加入资产的成本之中
- Nuclear Station:核电站,核电站我们也是需要对于原来的环境进行一定程度上的修复的,我们的处理手段和上一样,都是在安装的时候确认Provision,并且将其加入资产的成本之中。
需要注意的是,我们在此是将Provision进行资产化的。
Warranty
大样本的数据,这时候我们计算期望然后计入Provision
Customer Refunds
大样本的数据,我们也是使用期望进行表示,当且仅当我们有政策说是要去给Refunds的时候才进入Provision
Land Contamination
一次性的数据,我们使用最有可能的结果,我们将其计入Provision当且仅当公司的政策是说我们要去清理环境,如果没有法律要求的话。
Contingent liabilities
A contingent liability is either:
(a) a possible obligation arising from past events whose existence
will be confirmed only by the occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity; or
(b) a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because:
(i) it is not probable that an outflow of economic benefit will be required to settle the obligation; or
(ii) the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.
需要注意的是,对于或有负债来说,在子公司的报表上面是作为或有负债进行Disclosure就可以了,但是对于合并报表来说,就需要是作为一项真正的负债来进行处理了
对于Provision以及或有负债的确认的决策树
A restructuring provision includes only the direct expenditures arising from the restructuring, which are those that are both:
- necessarily entailed by the restructuring ; and
- not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity.
Contingent assets
A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the entity’s control.
Treatment
Disclose where an inflow of economic benefits is probable.
Recognise where an inflow of economic benefits Virtually certain
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